1968 – 1969
Secondary Education
Aga Khan School & Azania School, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania · Cambridge University “O Level” & Cambridge University & London University “Advanced” Level Certificates
1970 – 1972
Makerere University Medical School
Kampala, Uganda, East Africa
1972 – 1975
Doctor of Medicine (M.D.)
The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
1975 – 1976
Rotating Internship
St. Paul's Hospital (UBC), Vancouver
1976 – 1979
Residency — Internal Medicine
St. Paul's Hospital (UBC), Vancouver · recipient of the Ken Evelyn Award for Outstanding Resident
1979 – 1980
ICU/CCU Fellowship
St. Paul's Hospital (UBC), Vancouver
1980 – 1981
Clinical–Research Fellowship, Nuclear Cardiology
Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, UCLA — under Dr. H.J.C. Swan, Dr. James Forrester, Dr. Daniel Berman & Dr. Jamshid Maddahi · supported by the Aga Khan Foundation, Geneva
- Nuclear Physics Certification
- Certified Radiation Safety Officer — Nuclear Cardiology (State of California & Province of Ontario, Atomic Energy Control Board)
- Certified X-Ray Supervisor & Operator — State of California
Awarded, against stiff international competition, as a two-year Aga Khan Foundation International Scholarship Programme award administered from Geneva; he completed the entire fellowship — full certification, his nuclear license, and his published research — within this single year. See His First Official Tie to the AKDN, 1979–1985 for the fuller story, including his years as the Programme's Canadian alumni coordinator.
1981 – 1982
Clinical Fellowship in Cardiology (Final Year)
University of Southern California / Los Angeles County Medical Centre — under Dr. Shahbudin Rahimtoola
Funded independently through USC; he returned the unused second year of his Aga Khan Foundation scholarship to Geneva.
1985
Coronary Angioplasty / Interventional Cardiology Preceptorships
Emory University (Atlanta), under Dr. Andreas Grüntzig, and St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, under Dr. R. Chisholm · Clinical Traineeship Award, Royal College of Physicians & Surgeons of Canada
1999 – 2000
Coronary Angioplasty / Interventional Cardiology Preceptorship (Upgrading)
University Health Network (Toronto General Hospital) — under Dr. John Ross
2003
Subspecialty Board Certification — Interventional Cardiology
American Board of Internal Medicine
2008
Level II Certification, Cardiac / Coronary CT Angiography
San Francisco · adopted as this imaging technique emerged, continuing a career-long commitment to staying current with new cardiac technology